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Discrete Choice Experiment on Willingness to Pay

A data-driven tool to uncover citizen preferences for green and grey stormwater solutions - empowering cities to drive private investment and climate adaptation through smarter, targeted flood risk policies.

Unlocks Citizen Engagement – Identifies what motivates households to invest in stormwater management, enabling more effective public-private climate solutions.
Targets Flood Risk Reduction – Helps design infrastructure strategies that reflect real citizen priorities, such as flood protection and water quality.
Informs Smarter Investments – Provides economic insights to guide cost-efficient, citizen-supported urban resilience policies.

Our innovation tackles urban flooding - a growing climate risk that damages property, pollutes water, and endangers health. It reveals what drives citizens to invest in stormwater solutions, enabling people-powered flood resilience and guiding smarter, more targeted policy decision-making.

TRL5. Laboratory testing of integrated system
SRL5
The innovation has been tested in a real-world setting through surveys in Finland and Norway, validating the methodology and producing meaningful insights into citizens’ preferences for stormwater management. While results are promising and relevant for policy, they have not yet been fully integrated into decision-making or formal policy discussions at the local levels. The innovation has demonstrated its potential and usefulness, but broader stakeholder engagement and institutional uptake are still in progress.

See more information about this level and the TRL and SRL levels.

Market assessment

The market assessment of this innovation has been self-declared by the provider and has not been independently verified. For more details, please contact the innovator directly.

The system’s main components have been individually tested, and an initial integration has been completed.

Credits
CREDITS
Researcher, LUT University - Liuliu Du-Ikonen
Postdoctoral researcher, University of Antwerp - Laura Enthoven
PhD student, University of Antwerp - Haoran Yu
Collaborators
COLLABORATORS
Sanna Varis
Inger Katharina Gregersen
Trond Hulleberg

How does it work?

Our innovation uses a discrete choice experiment (DCE) to understand which factors influence private citizens’ willingness to invest in stormwater management (SWM) at the household level. By revealing preferences for green and grey infrastructure—such as flood protection, water quality improvement, maintenance frequency, and aesthetics—it enables policymakers to design targeted incentives and strategies that align with citizen priorities. The tool enhances urban climate adaptation by mobilizing private action, reducing flood risk, and improving water resilience.

This innovation is a behavioral survey using discrete choice experiments (DCEs), developed in Finland and Norway. It presents citizens with hypothetical stormwater management (SWM) options varying in cost, flood risk, water quality, aesthetics, and maintenance. By analyzing trade-offs, the tool estimates willingness to pay (WTP) and reveals community preference patterns. It captures both general trends and diverse views, helping policymakers understand household motivations and barriers. The insights guide the design of subsidies, campaigns, or regulations to boost adoption of SWM solutions. Supporting both green and grey infrastructure, the tool enhances local water governance and climate adaptation planning.

The innovation is a behavioral survey built on discrete choice experiments (DCEs), developed through a collaborative research process in Finland and Norway. It presents citizens with hypothetical SWM investment options varying in attributes such as cost, flood risk reduction, water quality, aesthetics, and maintenance demands. By analyzing how respondents make trade-offs between these attributes, the tool quantifies willingness to pay (WTP) for specific features and identifies preference patterns across the population.

This approach makes it possible to detect both general trends and heterogeneous preferences within the community, helping policymakers understand what motivates or discourages household-level action. It bridges the gap between public goals and private decisions, offering guidance for designing subsidies, awareness campaigns, or regulatory measures that can accelerate the adoption of stormwater infrastructure.

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